IceLoss – wind turbine icing loss assessment
Ice formation on rotor blades influences the aerodynamic properties of the blades leading potentially to large power losses in a wind farm. Production losses of 50 % or more have been observed during winter months characterized by heavy icing. Icing can thus result in large annual production losses. To our experience in working with multiple wind farm post-construction production analysis and pre-construction energy yield assessments, icing loss are the second highest source of icing losses after wake losses in Nordics.
To estimate expected icing losses for a planned wind farm, we have developed an in house state-of-the-art method IceLoss which models the expected icing losses of a wind farm based on simulations with the mesoscale weather model WRF, combined with in-house post-processing algorithms.
The results of the model include hourly and long-term estimate of the icing losses for the wind farm based on the modelled icing climate at the site. The results are presented for turbine with and without ice protection systems (blade heating, anti- and/or de-icing).
Ice formation on rotor blades influences the aerodynamic properties of the blades leading potentially to large power losses in a wind farm. Production losses of 50 % or more have been observed during winter months characterized by heavy icing. Icing can thus result in large annual production losses. To our experience in working with multiple wind farm post-construction production analysis and pre-construction energy yield assessments, icing loss are the second highest source of icing losses after wake losses in Nordics.
02
TRANSFORMER OILS
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Transformers are used extensively in the offshore industry
Transformer or insulating oils are very pure highly refined mineral oils optimized to meet the stringent requirements of the international Standard IEC 60296, Edition 4.0 2012 02.
Correct filling procedures must be adhered to in order to preserve the exacting properties.
Always check your equipment manual and consult with a Castrol Technical Service Engineer to choose the right product for the right application.
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Refrigeration compressor lubricants have evolved to suit the changing refrigerant fluid design driven by legislation. Hydroflurocarbons are served well with our Polyolester range however there are many other refrigerants still in use.
Care must be taken when selecting lubricants to ensure compatibility with the refrigerant. Always check your equipment manual and consult with a Castrol Technical Service Engineer to choose the right product for the right application.
Thrusters are extensively used in the offshore industry, particularly on mobile offshore drilling units.
Castrol caters for all the requirements of most propulsion package manufacturers. As the thrusters used to keep equipment in place can leak, an environmentally responsible lubricant, such as Castrol BioStat, helps reduce the environmental impact.
Always check your equipment manual and consult with a Castrol Technical Service Engineer to choose the right product for the right application.
Seal oil systems are used extensively in the offshore industry particularly on production machinery
For use in equipment where there is a difference in pressure between the internal process and the atmosphere – such as axial gas compressors – seal oils are normally thin, have good thermal stability and are free from solid, anti-wear or EP additives.
Viscosity is critical and OEM guidance is required.
Always check your equipment manual and consult a Castrol Technical Service Engineer to choose the right product for the right application.
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